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Abstract

Battery energy storage systems (BESS) have emerged as a cornerstone technology enabling the large-scale integration of variable renewable energy sources and the transformation of conventional electricity networks into intelligent, resilient, and low-carbon energy systems. This article provides a structured review of BESS within the science-energy (sci-energy) nexus by organizing the discussion around five analytical axes: battery chemistry families, battery management and estimation strategies, thermal and safety engineering, renewable-grid integration pathways, and sustainability and circular-economy issues. The review covers mature lithium-ion systems together with sodium-ion, solid-state, and redox flow batteries, and also examines battery management systems, thermal management, state-of-charge and state-of-health estimation, and safety engineering strategies. System-level applications including grid-connected storage, microgrids, solar- and wind-coupled storage, peak shaving, and research-campus energy systems are critically assessed. Particular emphasis is placed on the unresolved gaps that differentiate this review from earlier surveys, namely the limited integration of chemistry, control, safety, deployment context, and circularity within a single comparative framework. Key challenges relating to cost, degradation, raw material supply, recycling, safety, and environmental impact are identified, and emerging research frontiers spanning advanced materials, artificial intelligence, digital battery passports, and circular economy strategies are highlighted. The review therefore consolidates current knowledge while also clarifying where future research and deployment efforts should be prioritized.

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